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電除塵器的工作原理是利用高壓電場使煙氣發生電離,氣流中的粉塵荷電在電場作用下與氣流分離。負極由不同斷面形狀的金屬導線制成,叫放電電極。正極由不同幾何形狀的金屬板制成,叫集塵電極。靜電除塵器的性能受粉塵性質、設備構造和煙氣流速等三個因素的影響。粉塵的比電阻是評價導電性的指標,它對除塵效率有直接的影響。
比(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)過低(di),塵(chen)(chen)粒(li)難(nan)以保(bao)持在(zai)集塵(chen)(chen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上,致使其重(zhong)返氣流。比(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)過高,到達集塵(chen)(chen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的塵(chen)(chen)粒(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷不易放出,在(zai)塵(chen)(chen)層(ceng)之(zhi)間形成電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓梯(ti)度會(hui)產生局部(bu)擊穿和放電(dian)(dian)(dian)現象(xiang)。
這(zhe)些(xie)情況都會造成除(chu)(chu)塵效(xiao)率下降。工作原(yuan)理/靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)除(chu)(chu)塵器用(yong)強電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場使灰塵顆粒(li)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),在其通過除(chu)(chu)塵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)時,帶正/負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)微粒(li)分(fen)別被負/正電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)板(ban)吸附,即(ji)達到除(chu)(chu)塵目的(de).由(you)于輻射(she)摩擦等原(yuan)因,空氣(qi)中含(han)有少量的(de)自(zi)由(you)離(li)子,單靠這(zhe)些(xie)自(zi)由(you)離(li)子是(shi)不可能使含(han)塵空氣(qi)中的(de)塵粒(li)充分(fen)荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)。因此,要利(li)用(yong)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)使粉塵分(fen)離(li)須具備兩個(ge)基(ji)本條件,一(yi)是(shi)存(cun)在使粉塵荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場;二是(shi)存(cun)在使荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉塵顆粒(li)分(fen)離(li)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場。一(yi)般(ban)的(de)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)除(chu)(chu)塵器采(cai)用(yong)荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場和分(fen)離(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場合一(yi)的(de)方法,放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)金屬棒接(jie)高(gao)壓直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)負極(ji),集塵極(ji)接(jie)地為正極(ji),集塵極(ji)可以采(cai)用(yong)圓(yuan)管,也可以采(cai)用(yong)平板(ban)。
接通電源后,在電場作用下,空氣中的自由離子要向兩極移動,電壓愈高、電場強度愈高,離子的運動速度愈快。濕式靜電除塵器生產廠家由于離子的運動,極間形成了電流。開始時,空氣中的自由離子少,電流較少。
電壓升高到數(shu)值后(hou),放電(dian)極(ji)附近的(de)(de)(de)離(li)子獲得(de)了較高的(de)(de)(de)能量(liang)和速度,它們撞擊(ji)空氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)性(xing)原子時,中(zhong)性(xing)原子會分(fen)解成正(zheng)、負離(li)子,這種現(xian)象稱為空氣(qi)電(dian)離(li)。空氣(qi)電(dian)離(li)后(hou),由于聯(lian)鎖反應,在(zai)極(ji)間運動的(de)(de)(de)離(li)子數(shu)大大增加,表現(xian)為極(ji)間的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流急劇增加,空氣(qi)成了導體。放電(dian)極(ji)周圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi)全部電(dian)離(li)后(hou),在(zai)放電(dian)極(ji)周圍(wei)可以看見(jian)一(yi)圈淡藍(lan)色的(de)(de)(de)光環(huan),這個光環(huan)稱為電(dian)暈。電(dian)除塵器的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)暈范圍(wei)通常局限于金屬棒周圍(wei)幾(ji)毫米處。
空(kong)氣(qi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)暈(yun)(yun)范圍電(dian)(dian)(dian)離后(hou),正離子很快向負(fu)極移動,只(zhi)有(you)(you)負(fu)離子才會進(jin)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)暈(yun)(yun)外區(qu),向陽極移動。含塵(chen)空(kong)氣(qi)通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)除(chu)塵(chen)器時,由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)暈(yun)(yun)區(qu)的(de)范圍很小,只(zhi)有(you)(you)少量(liang)的(de)塵(chen)粒在電(dian)(dian)(dian)暈(yun)(yun)區(qu)通(tong)過,獲得正電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷,沉積(ji)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)暈(yun)(yun)極上。
大多數塵粒(li)在電(dian)暈外區(qu)通過(guo),獲(huo)得(de)負電(dian)荷,沉(chen)積在陽極板上,當塵(chen)埃聚(ju)集到程度,由于重力作用,掉下聚集到收集槽內。靜電除塵器與其他除塵設備相比,耗能少,除塵效率高,適用于除去煙氣中0.01—50μm的粉塵,而且可用于煙氣溫度高、壓力大的場合。實踐表明,處理的煙氣量越大,使用靜電除塵器的投資和運行費用越經濟。